Uses of PARA in Spanish

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Uses of PARA in Spanish

 

 

Para” means “for”, “to”, “in oder to” depending on the context.

 

Usage:

 

  1. To indicate destination

Example: el hombre salió para Madrid. (The man left to Madrid)

 

  1. To show the use or purpose of a thing

Example: el vaso es para agua. (The cup is for water)

 

  1. To mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”

Example: para hacer paella, primero dore las carnes. (To prepare Paella, first brown the meat)

 

  1. To indicate a recipient

Example: este regalo es para ti. (This gift is for you)

 

  1. To express a deadline or specific time

Example: necesito el vestido para el lunes. (I need the dress for Monday)

 

  1. To express a contrast from what is expected

Example: para ser un niño, lee muy bien. (Despite he is a kid, he can read well)

 

 

  1. “estar para” to express an action that will soon be completed (it’s about to happen)

Example: el tren está para salir. (The train is about to leave)

 

 

  1. To express an opinion

Example: para ellos, eso es fundamental. (For them, that is fundamental)

 

 

Some idiomatic expressions with “Para”:

 

 

 SpanishEnglish
1no es para tantoit’s not a big deal
2no estar para bromasto be in no mood for jokes
3para comenzar / empezarto begin with
4para despuésfor after
5para entoncesby that time
6para luegofor later
7para máson top of that
8para mi gustofor my taste
9para otra vezfor another occasion
10para que sepasjust so you know
11para siempreforever / for good
12para toda la vidafor all your life
13para variarjust for a change
14ser tal para cualtwo be two of a kind
15sin qué ni para quéwithout rhyme or reason
16y para colmo (de males)and to top it all (to make matters worse)

 

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Uses of POR in Spanish

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Uses of POR in Spanish

“Por” means “for”, “because of”, “by” and several other meanings depending on the context.

 

Usage:

 

  1. To express gratitude or apology

Example: ¡gracias por la ayuda! (Thanks for the help!)

 

  1. For multiplication and division

Example: Dos por dos son cuatro. (Two times two equals four)

 

  1. For velocity, frequency and proportion

Example: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana. (I go to the restaurant five times a week)

 

  1. Meaning “through,” “along,” “by” or “in the area of”

Example: Andamos por el parque. (We walk through the park)

 

  1. When talking about exchange, including sales

Example: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro. (He gave me ten dollars for the book)

 

  1. To mean “on behalf of,” or “in favor of,”

Example: No voté por nadie. (I didn’t vote for anyone)

 

  1. To express a length of time

Example: yo estudié por dos horas. (I studied for two hours)

 

  1. To express an undetermined, or general time, meaning “during”

Example: se puede ver las estrellas por la noche. (Stars can be seen at night)

 

  1. For means of communication or transportation

Example: prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono. (I prefer to travel by train and talk by phone)

 

  1. In cases of mistaken identity, or meaning “to be seen as”

Example: me tienen por loco. (They think I’m crazy)

 

  1. To show the reason for an errand

Example: voy por las frutas (in Spain, “voy a por las frutas”). (I go to get the fruits)

 

  1. When followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use “por + infinitive”

Example: la cena está por prepararse/cocinarse. (The dinner is yet to be prepared)

 

  1. To express cause or reason

Example: el hombre murió por falta de agua. (The man died due to lack of water)

 

  1. “Estar por” means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something

Example: estoy por tomar café. (I feel like having some coffee)

 

  1. In passive constructions

Example: el libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz. (The book was written by Octavio Paz)

Some idiomatic expressions with “Por”:

 

SpanishEnglish
1por adelantadoin advance
2por ahorafor now
3por allíaround there; that way
4por amor de Diosfor God’s sake
5por aquíaround here; this way
6por casualidadby chance
7por cientopercent
8por ciertoby the way
9por completocompletely
10por dentroinside
11por desgraciaunfortunately
12por ejemplofor example
13por esotherefore
14por favorplease
15por finfinally, at last
16por lo generalgenerally
17por lo vistoapparently
18por medio deby means of
19por lo menosat least
20por lo tantoconsequently; therefore
21por mi parteas for me
22por ningún ladonowhere
23por otra parte (por otro lado)on the other hand
24palabra por palabraword for word
25por primera vezfor the first time
26por separadoseparately
27por supuestoof course
28por suertefortunately
29por todas parteseverywhere
30por todos ladoson all sides
31por últimofinally

 

 

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Indefinite articles in Spanish

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Indefinite articles in Spanish

Definition of article

Article is a word that is linked to nouns and its grammatical function is to give specificity to those nouns rather than describing them.

 

The indefinite article

 

SingularPlural
Masculine

Un

Example: un avión

Unos

Example: unos aviones

Feminine

Una

Example: una casa

Unas

Example: unas casas

 

Usage:

 

 

  1. When it is referring to something unknown by the speaker or speakers.
  • Él trajo una herramienta nueva (He brought a new tool)
  • Ellos trabajaron en un pueblo lejano (They worked in a distant town)
  • Ella recibió un regalo ayer (She received a gift yesterday)

 

  1. To talk about qualitative or quantitative non-evident features with “que”.
  • María tiene un carisma que enamora (Maria has an attracting charm)
  • Tengo un sueño intenso que no puedo mantener los ojos abiertos (I feel intensively sleepy that can hardly keep my eyes open)

 

  1. When the preceding noun doesn’t designate a particular individual but a kind.
  • Los profesores deberían tener una paciencia única (Teachers should have unique patience)
  • Los políticos tienen un gran poder de persuasión (Politicians have a great persuasion ability)

 

  1. To compare somebody with a famous person
  • Él tiene la voz de un Pavarotti (He has the voice of a Pavarotti)
  • Rosa es una Marie Curie (Rose is a Marie Curie)

 

 

  1. Before a cardinal number to mean “approximately”.
  • Vinieron unas cuarenta personas (Around forty people came)
  • La temperatura es de unos 23 grados (The temperature is around 23 degrees)

 

  1. It is used with the quantifiers “pocos”, “cuantos” to mean “some” or “several”
  • Él tiene unos pocos amigos (He has a few friends)
  • Esa persona ha visitado unos cuantos países (That person has visited a few countries)

 

  1. To name letters of the alphabet
  • Una eme minúscula casi no se ve (A lower case ‘m’ can hardly be seen)
  • ¿Qué es una hache muda? (What is a silent ‘h’?)

 

  1. To refer to people by their last names
  • Maria es una Rojas (Maria is a Rojas)
  • Ese niño es un González (That kid is a Gonzalez)

 

  1. With continent names the masculine form is used
  • Un Asia próspera (A prosperous Asia)
  • Un África en evolución (An Africa in evolution)

 

  1. With names of countries, cities or regions:
  • Él vivía en una Francia romántica (He used to live in a romantic France)
  • La de hoy, es una Inglaterra modernista (Today’s, it is a modern England)

 

  1. With unstressed initial “a”.
  • El ave tenía una alita herida (The bird had an injured wing)
  • Es una agüita medicinal (This is a medicinal infusion)

 

  1. With elative adjectives
  • ¡Fue una magnífica fiesta! (It was a great party!)
  • Le dieron a él un recibimiento inigualable (He was given an incomparable reception)

     

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    Definite articles in Spanish

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    Definite articles in Spanish

    Definition of article

    Article is a word that is linked to nouns and its grammatical function is to give specificity to those nouns rather than describing them.

    The definite articles in Spanish

     

    Singular

    Plural

    Masculine

    el

    Example: el caballo

    los

    Example: los caballos

    Feminine

    La

    Example: la manzana

    Las

    Example: las manzanas

     

    Usage:

     

     

    1. When it is referring to something definite and specific.
    • Ana recibió la carta de su hijo menor (Ana received the letter from her youngest son)
    • El gato de Juan es blanco (John’s cat is white)
    • El periodista no pudo ir a la reunión de anoche (The journalist couldn’t attend last night’s meeting)

     

    1. When it is referring to something definite but not specific.
    • Estamos buscando a la persona ideal para este cargo (We are seeking the ideal person for this position)
    • El triunfador recibirá 2 millones de dólares (The winner will receive 2 million dollars)

     

    1. With elliptical sense (with something known)
    • Hay dos libros sobre la mesa. El mío es el rojo (There are 2 books on the table. Mine is the red one)
    • Tu falda es hermosa. La de tu hermana también (Your skirt is beautiful. Your sister’s as well)

     

    1. With acronyms either masculine or feminine depending of the main noun gender
    • El SELA inició sesiones hoy. (SELA = Sistema Económico Latinoamericano y del Caribe. The word “Sistema” is masculine) (SELA started its sessions today)
    • La ONU organizará un evento cultural (ONU = Organización de las Naciones Unidas. The word “Organización” is feminine) (UN will organize a culture event)

     

    1. To name specific letters of the alphabet
    • La segunda “á” en mamá debe llevar tilde (The second ‘a’ in the word mamá must have written accent)
    • Antes de la “p” en “campo”, debes escribir una m (Before ‘p’ in ‘campo’, you must write ‘m’)

     

    1. To refer to specific people by their last names
    • Los Torres viven cerca de aquí (The Torres live nearby)
    • Carlos es el Durán que vimos anoche (Carlos is the Durán we saw last night)

     

    1. With specific continent names
    • El África de hoy aún vive en la pobreza (The Africa of today still lives in poverty)
    • La Europa del siglo pasado sufrió muchas transformaciones (Last century’s Europe underwent many transformations)

     

    1. “a” + “el” are contracted as “al” (with a few exceptions)
    • Ella visitó al doctor la semana pasada (She visited the doctor last week)
    • Los niños entraron al salón (The kids entered the classroom)

     

     

    1. “de” + “el” are contracted as “del” (with a few exceptions)
    • Este requisito es parte del contrato (This requirement is part of the contract)
    • Ese auto es del hermano de Lynn (This car belongs to Lynn’s brother)

     

     

    1. With unique nouns
    • El sol casi siempre sale a las 6 am (The sun almost always rises at 6 am)
    • El planeta tierra podría desaparecer (The Earth planet could disappear)

     

    1. With restrictive modifiers
    • Le dieron a ella el recibimiento de siempre (They gave her the usual reception)
    • El restaurante sirvió la cena habitual (The restaurant served the habitual dinner)

     

    1. With deictic sense
    • Prohibido beber alcohol en el autobús (Drinking alcohol on the bus is not allowed)
    • No uses el celular cuando conduzcas (Do not use your mobile phone when driving)

     

    1. With anaphoric sense
    • ¡Trae la llave por favor! (Bring the key please!)
    • El gerente no vino hoy (The manager did not come today)

     

    1. With endophoric sense
    • Juan le dio a su hijo todo el dinero que había ahorrado en la última semana (John gave his son all the money he has saved for the last week)
    • Robert renunció al trabajo después de 5 años de dedicación (Robert resigned to his job after 5 years of dedication)

     

     

    1. With the days of the week and time (with a few exceptions)
    • El lunes es festivo (Next Monday is a holiday)
    • La conferencia empezó a las 5 de la tarde (The conference started at 5 pm)
    • El almacén tiene algunas promociones los martes (The store has some promotions on Tuesdays)

     

    1. With dates (with a few exceptions)
    • Ellos empezaron a estudiar el 2 de febrero de 2050 (They started to study on February 2, 2050)
    • Llegaron el día 24 de abril (They came in April 24)

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    Proproparoxytone words (Sobresdújulas)

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    Proproparoxytone words (Sobresdújulas)

    Syllable: It’s a unit of pronunciation with a vowel sound.

    Accent (prosodic): It’s the highest stress made on a syllable.

    Diacritical mark: It’s the visible mark made on a vowel. It’s commonly known as written accent (Only one diacritical mark per word is correct in Spanish).

     

    Note: In Spanish, all words have prosodic accent but not all words have diacritical mark or written accent.

     Some words have two prosodic accents, such as the words ended in “mente.” Because of these two accents, the words ended in “mente” are neither “agudas”, “graves”, “esdrújulas” nor “sobreesdrújulas.” They are special words.

    Examples: activamente, cobardemente, efectivamente, religiosamente, repentinamente.

    These rules are applicable only to the words with a single prosodic accent.

    Proproparoxytone words (sobreesdrújulas): They are the words with the stress on the fourth(or further)-to-last syllable. They always have a written accent, except when formed from an adjective that has no written accent.

                   Examples: cómpraselo, cómetelo, entrégueselo, devuélvemela, corrígeselas, véndeselo.

    Important note:

     

    In order to correctly pronounce any word that has no written accent, consider the following rules:

    1. If the last letter of the word is either “n”, “s” or a “vowel”, the stress must be on the penultimate syllable.

                   Examples: cosa, casa, ejemplo, gallina, volumen, entonces, certamen, injustamente, abiertamente

    1. In the other cases, the stress must be on the last syllable.

                   Examples: analizar, pared, arroz, virtud,

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    Proparoxytone words (Esdrújulas)

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    Proparoxytone words (Esdrújulas)

     

    Syllable: It’s a unit of pronunciation with a vowel sound.

    Accent (prosodic): It’s the highest stress made on a syllable

    Diacritical mark: It’s the visible mark made on a vowel. It’s commonly known as written accent (Only one diacritical mark per word is correct in Spanish).

     

    Note: In Spanish, all words have prosodic accent but not all words have diacritical mark or written accent.

     Some words have two prosodic accents, such as the words ended in “mente.” Because of these two accents, the words ended in “mente” are neither “agudas”, “graves”, “esdrújulas” nor “sobreesdrújulas.” They are special words.

    Examples: activamente, cobardemente, efectivamente, religiosamente, repentinamente.

    These rules are applicable only to the words with a single prosodic accent.

    Proparoxytone words (esdrújulas): They are the words with the stress on the third-to-last (antepenultimate) syllable. They always have a written accent, except when formed from an adjective that has no written accent.

     

    Examples: plátano, esdrújula, íntegro, público, brutalmente, cabalmente, bestialmente

     

    Important note:

     

    In order to correctly pronounce any word that has no written accent, consider the following rules:

     

    1. If the last letter of the word is either “n”, “s” or a “vowel”, the stress must be on the penultimate syllable.

                   Examples: cosa, casa, ejemplo, gallina, volumen, entonces, certamen, injustamente, abiertamente

     

    1. In the other cases, the stress must be on the last syllable.

                   Examples: analizar, pared, arroz, virtud,

     

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